Mechanical Engineering is the discipline that applies the principles of Engineering, Physics, and Materials Science for the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of Mechanical Systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of Machinery. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the Engineering Disciplines. The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Mechanics, Kinematics, Thermodynamics, materials science, Structural Analysis, and Electricity. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like Computer-Aided Design, and Product Life Cycle Management to design and analyze Manufacturing, plants industrial equipment and machinery, Heating and Cooling Systems, Transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others. Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. Mechanical engineering science emerged in the 19th century as a result of developments in the field of physics. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. Mechanical engineering overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically with biomechanics, transport phenomena, biomechatronics, bionanotechnology, and modeling of biological systems.